Patenting rDNA
Contents
Preface
Table of Cases
Table of legislation
Bibliography
Abbreviations
Introduction: The Science
The Nature of Biotechnology
Understanding DNA
The Science of Recombinant DNA Technology
Chimeraplasty
Monoclonal Antibody Technology
Cloning
Antisense Technology
Geneome Mapping
Chapter 1: Applications and Implications
Animal Applications
The Use of Transgenic/Modifiied Animals as Food
The Use of Transgenic Animals as 'Bioreactors'
The Use of Transgenic, 'Knock-out' and Genetically Modified Animals as Research Models
The Use of Genetically Modified Animals in Xenotransplantation
Human Applications
The Use of Human Cells
Genetic Screening
Gene Therapy
Conclusion
Chapter 2: Patent Law - Positive Aspects
The Utility of Patents
The Nature of Patents
The Monopoly
Legislation and Application Routes
Patenting Biotechnology
Qualifying Criteria
There must be an invention
Product, Process or Product-by-process Claims
Novelty
Inventive Step
Industrial Application
Disclosure
Conclusion
Chapter 3: Patent Law - Negative Aspects
Discoveries and Scientific Theories
Animal Varieties et al
'Essential biogical processes'
'Microbiological products and processes'
Case law under the Directive
Chapter 4: Morality
The Morality Criteria: Definitions
The Moral Standard: Judicial Interpretation
The Patent System as Moral Regulator
Moral Principles in the Wider Debate
Conclusion
Chapter 5: Legislation - Harmonisation and Reform
TRIPS Agreement 1994
Directive on the Legal Protection of Biotechnological Inventions 1998
Human Biotechnology
Animal Biotechnology
Morality
Biopiracy
European Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine
Protocol to the Convention on Biomedicine
Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights 1997
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity 2000
Community Patent Convention 1975
Appendices
Glossary
Index